Category Archives: Unix

Unix/Linux for Beginner, list of resources

February 11, 2008 – 11:41 pm

Some common question I see in Installation of Unix/Linux :

What command I should I type?
When I can start hacking?
When I start learning hacking?
Do you have resources for beginner for me?

Not sure, I’m search engine lovers

Here’s the lists :

Books :

Online Resources :

UNIX Tutorial for Beginners, complete reference.
Unix for Beginners, by Uppsala Software Factory
UNIX Help for Users, UNIX Help for Users .
UNIX Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs), often seen in comp.unix.questions and comp.unix.shell.
History of UNIX, read all about the history of its creation.

Last Update : February 12 2008

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Unix

Redirect Port in pf.conf

February 3, 2008 – 7:06 am

Other team need to access absence url from outside, system need to be setup not more than 10 minutes.

How to reach lan from public access and lock it to specified public ip address only ?

Using redirection is the fastest solution.

For illustration :

We have 3 computer, A, B and C. Each computer has specification.

Computer A, has ip address :

Public : 222.124.4.111

Computer B, has ip address :

Public : 222.124.4.222

Local : 172.88.1.1

Computer C, has ip address :

Local : 172.88.1.10 ( where absence script, apache etc reside)

Objective :

User type address, http://222.124.4.111:8081 and they will get same page as they were access

http://www.oldaddress.com from lan.

Preparation :

#ee pf.conf

Snippet of pf.conf for that purpose (redirection) :

///////////////////////////////////=============pf.conf==================

#specify interface

EXT = "fxp0"
INT = "em0"

#variable declaration
ip_hosting="222.124.4.222"
ip_lan="172.88.1.10"
ip_public="222.124.4.111"

LAN_clients = "172.88.0.0/16"

TCP_OPTIONS = "flags S/SAFRUP keep state"
icmp_types="echoreq"

set loginterface $EXT
scrub in on $EXT all

rdr on $EXT proto tcp from $ip_public to $ip_hosting port 8081 -> $ip_lan port 80

///////////////////////////////////=============pf.conf==================

save the file.

Stop pf (pfctl -d)

Enable pf again (pfctl -e -f /etc/pf.conf)

Done?

Why I still can’t see the page?

Well, perhaps in computer C you have to set route for lan access to computer B.

just delete existing route will do that magic

#route delete default

#route add default 172.88.1.1

Common problem that I see when I try this method is forget to check the route

Testing

Just ask user to test, good luck.

Happy redirecting

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Unix

No ALTQ support in kernel

January 22, 2008 – 7:01 am

ftp# pfctl -d

No ALTQ support in kernel
ALTQ related functions disabled
pf disabled

ftp# pfctl -e -f /etc/pf.conf

No ALTQ support in kernel
ALTQ related functions disabled
altq not defined on rl0
altq not defined on rl0
/etc/pf.conf:34: errors in queue definition
pfctl: Syntax error in config file: pf rules not loaded

what happen?

No support for ALTQ in kernel

How to enable that?

Hmm…. in FreeBSD FAQ

I’ve set that in previous version, is it because of recent upgrade that I’ve done?

Yes, you can start from examining your kernel :

ftp# uname -v

FreeBSD 6.3-PRERELEASE #0: Wed Jan 2 13:54:29 WIT 2008

nike@rasyid.net:/usr/obj/usr/src/sys/GENERIC

ups, GENERIC . latest cvsup to RELENG_6 make that happen

Ok, time to see the kernel archives :

ftp# cd /usr/src/sys/i386/conf/

ftp# ls

.cvsignore GENERIC Makefile PAE TITAN
DEFAULTS GENERIC.hints NOTES SMP XBOX

ftp# tail -f TITAN

#If you Want ALTQ you will also need these

#ALTQ Support
options         ALTQ
options ALTQ_CBQ        # Class Bases Queueing
options ALTQ_RED        # Random Early Drop
options ALTQ_RIO        # RED In/Out
options ALTQ_HFSC       # Hierarchical Packet Scheduler
options ALTQ_CDNR       # Traffic conditioner
options ALTQ_PRIQ       # Priority Queueing

my bad, I have to reconfigure kernel to use TITAN

ftp# cd /usr/src
ftp# make buildkernel KERNCONF=TITAN
ftp# make installkernel KERNCONF=TITAN

ftp# reboot

sighh….. my bad…my bad.

By the way to enable ALTQ support in kernel add these lines :

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Unix

Maia-mailguard, user powered mail spam blocker

January 7, 2008 – 2:48 am

"Help, my mail inbox still full of spam, you said that you already set a spam blocker in mail server?"

My friend ask me about his mailbox

My bad, I don’t socialize how to use maia-mailguard for email user.

Maybe, some of you already know that too but don’t know what to do to minimize spam in your inbox with maia-mailguard.

It’s just quick way to set your preference and dissappointing mail spammer

1. Login to your maia-mailguard, the address provided by sysadmin.

Username is your current email address.

Password is your current email password.

Maia mailguard, user powered mail spam blocker

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Unix

/dev/null: No such file or directory

January 1, 2008 – 8:20 am

Mayday….mayday, my /dev/null no longer exist help me…..

mknod /dev/null c 2 2
chmod 666 /dev/null

from man of mknod :

c ->      Type of device. If the device is a block type device such as a
             tape or disk drive which needs both cooked and raw special files,
             the type is b. All other devices are character type devices,
             such as terminal and pseudo devices, and are type c.

mknod name [b | c] major minor [owner:group]

NAME
null — the null device

DESCRIPTION
The null device accepts and reads data as any ordinary (and willing) file
– but throws it away. The length of the null device is always zero.

FILES
/dev/null

Fiuhhhh……

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Unix

Trying freebsd-update for upgrade FreeBSD 7.0 Beta4 to FreeBSD 7.0-RC1

January 1, 2008 – 4:36 am

Trying to upgrade FreeBSD from 7.0 Beta4 to 7.0-RC1

monitor# uname -a

FreeBSD monitor.alamster.net 7.0-BETA4 FreeBSD 7.0-BETA4 #0: Mon Dec 17 13:36: 40 UTC 2007 three@monitor.alamster.net:/usr/obj/usr/src/sys/GENERIC i386

monitor# locate freebsd-update.conf

/etc/freebsd-update.conf
/usr/jail/etc/freebsd-update.conf
/usr/jail/usr/share/examples/etc/freebsd-update.conf
/usr/obj/usr/src/share/man/man5/freebsd-update.conf.5.gz
/usr/share/examples/etc/freebsd-update.conf
/usr/share/man/man5/freebsd-update.conf.5.gz
/usr/src/etc/freebsd-update.conf
/usr/src/share/man/man5/freebsd-update.conf.5
/usr/titan/ports/security/freebsd-update/files/Attic/freebsd-update.conf.5,v
/usr/titan/src/etc/freebsd-update.conf,v
/usr/titan/src/share/man/man5/freebsd-update.conf.5,v

monitor# freebsd-update -f /etc/freebsd-update.conf -r 7.0RC1 upgrade

Looking up update.FreeBSD.org mirrors… 1 mirrors found.
Fetching public key from update1.FreeBSD.org… done.
Fetching metadata signature for 7.0-BETA4 from update1.FreeBSD.org… done.
Fetching metadata index… done.
Fetching 2 metadata files… done.
Inspecting system… done.

The following components of FreeBSD seem to be installed:
kernel/generic src/base src/bin src/cddl src/compat src/contrib
src/crypto src/etc src/games src/gnu src/include src/krb5 src/lib
src/libexec src/release src/rescue src/sbin src/secure src/share src/sys
src/tools src/ubin src/usbin world/base world/dict world/doc world/games
world/info world/manpages world/proflibs

The following components of FreeBSD do not seem to be installed:
world/catpages

Does this look reasonable (y/n)? y

Fetching metadata signature for 7.0RC1 from update1.FreeBSD.org… failed.
No mirrors remaining, giving up.

editing /etc/freebsd-update.conf

ServerName update.FreeBSD.org to ServerName update1.FreeBSD.org

failed???

Do I type something wrong : another try after I realized it’s 7.0-RC1 (plus minus)

Fetching metadata signature for 7.0-RC1 from update1.FreeBSD.org… done.
Fetching metadata index… done.
Fetching 1 metadata patches. done.
Applying metadata patches… done.
Fetching 1 metadata files… done.
Inspecting system… done.
Fetching files from 7.0-BETA4 for merging… done.
Preparing to download files… done.
Fetching 59 patches…..10….20….30….40….50…. done.
Applying patches… done.
Fetching 1064 files… done.
/usr/sbin/freebsd-update: cannot open files/.gz: No such file or directory
/usr/sbin/freebsd-update: cannot open files/.gz: No such file or directory
Attempting to automatically merge changes in files… done.

The following file could not be merged automatically: /etc/mail/freebsd.cf
Press Enter to edit this file in vi and resolve the conflicts
manually…

hmmm…. editing freebsd.cf manually. I’ll do later

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Unix

FreeBSD 6.3 RC2 is out, happy new year

January 1, 2008 – 3:10 am

FreeBSD 6.3 RC2 is out, with two distinct version of FreeBSD 6 and 7 I try to maintain existing servers with this pattern :

1. Upgrade to minor for email server as we need stable operation

2. Upgrade backup server with FreeBSD 7 as we need to use their ZFS capability

Your choice is vary

Quick iso download for 6.3 RC2 :

Click here (i386)

Source upgrade, just use RELENG_6_3 in cvsup

Full release news, click here.

Eager to try FreeBSD 8, I use vmware first

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Unix

FreeBSD 7.0 release candidate 1 available

December 30, 2007 – 1:10 pm

From FreeBSD mailing list :

FreeBSD 7.0 RC 1 available for download.

Some information that might useful for upgrading :

1. Use source, just point cvsup to RELENG_7_0

2. Use freebsd-update utility with two options available :

1. Minor upgrade

2. Major upgrade

Ready to grab FreeBSD 7.0 RC1, get now via :

1. Torrent, click here

2. ISO download, click here

New year gift from FreeBSD developer

Tags FreeBSD 7.0 release candidate 1 available | Permalink | Comments Off

Unix

/usr/local/etc/rc.d in FreeBSD

December 30, 2007 – 3:28 am

How do I make mysql server start in startup?

How to make apache server start in startup?

How to make ftp server start in startup?

Simply, just installed via ports or package, in FreeBSD there is relation between /etc/rc.conf and /usr/local/etc/rc.d/

for example :

monitor# cat /etc/rc.conf

usbd_enable="NO"
sshd_enable="YES"
apache_enable="YES"
mysql_enable="YES"
svscan_enable="YES"
linux_enable="YES"
radiusd_enable="YES"

just write service name followed by value, YES or NO

I’m not sure what to write? any hint?

Just go to rc.d and see the details, for example :

monitor# cd /usr/local/etc/rc.d/
monitor# ls

apache radiusd snmptrapd
mysql-server snmpd svscan.sh

looking for available options for mysql server :

monitor# cat mysql-server | more

# Add the following line to /etc/rc.conf to enable mysql:
# mysql_enable (bool): Set to "NO" by default.
#                       Set it to "YES" to enable MySQL.
# mysql_limits (bool): Set to "NO" by default.
#                       Set it to yes to run `limits -e -U mysql`
#                       just before mysql starts.
# mysql_dbdir (str):    Default to "/var/db/mysql"
#                       Base database directory.
# mysql_args (str):     Custom additional arguments to be passed
#                       to mysqld_safe (default empty).

you can add in /etc/rc.conf another option beside : mysql_enable="YES"

like :

mysql_dbdir ="/home/mysql_data"

monitor# cat radiusd

#
# Add the following lines to /etc/rc.conf to enable radiusd:
#
# radiusd_enable="YES"
#

option for FreeBSD startup is in your hand

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Unix

NetBSD 4.0 released, grab it while its Hot

December 20, 2007 – 1:20 pm

Form NetBSD mailinglist :

The NetBSD Project is pleased to announce that release 4.0 of the
   NetBSD operating system is now available. NetBSD is a free, secure,
   and highly portable Unix-like Open Source operating system available
   for many platforms, from 64-bit Opteron machines and desktop systems
   to handheld and embedded devices. Its clean design and advanced
   features   make   it   excellent   in both production and research
   environments, and it is user-supported with complete source. Many
   applications are easily available through pkgsrc, the NetBSD Packages
   Collection.

   Major achievements in NetBSD 4.0 include support for version 3 of the
   Xen virtual machine monitor, Bluetooth, many new device drivers and
   embedded platforms based on ARM, PowerPC and MIPS CPUs. New network
   services include iSCSI target (server) code and an implementation of
   the Common Address Redundancy Protocol. Also, system security was
   further enhanced with restrictions of mprotect(2) to enforce W^X
   policies, the Kernel Authorization framework, and improvements of the
   Veriexec file integrity subsystem, which can be used to harden the
   system against trojan horses and virus attacks. Please read below for
   a list of changes in NetBSD 4.0.

great, looks like NetBSD developer team laso wanna give Christmas gift

Link to download iso file : click here

Source : mailinglist

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Linux Unix

Build email server Tutorials, choose one for You

December 17, 2007 – 7:12 am

Every linux distro, unix system or windows server came with smtp system.

But it’s not enough for small home office requirement that need to provide mailbox for their employee.

Another solution is signup for web hosting that include mail management such cpanel, whm etc.

If this solution wont fit too, maybe dedicated email server need to build

A lot of tutorials for building email server in internet that might help you to build email server in learning on demand mode such as :

1. Lifewithqmail, extensive guide to build mail server using qmail as MTA

2. ISP-style Email Service with Debian-Sarge and Postfix 2.1.

3. Virtual Users And Domains With Postfix, Courier And MySQL (Ubuntu 7.10), This document describes how to install a mail server based on Postfix that is based on virtual users and domains, i.e. users and domains that are in a MySQL database.

4. Full Mail Server Solution w/ Virtual Domains & Users (Debian Etch, Postfix, Mysql, Dovecot, DSpam, ClamAV, Postgrey, RBL), This guide describes how to set up a full email solution in Debian Linux (all code is from Debian Etch)

5. Qmailrocks, very popular guide. Support Redhat / Fedora, FreeBSD, Debian, Slackware and Solaris.

6. Secure email servers from scratch with FreeBSD 6.1. Part I and Part II.

7. How to set up a home email server. Redhat guide.

8. Virtual Mailhosting System with Postfix Guide, using gentoo.

9. OpenBSD as a Mail Server, extensive guide using openbsd . Pdf version also available.

10. Build email server at home. Windows guide.

11. Build Your Skills: Set up an SMTP/POP3 mail server with Windows Server 2003. Learn how to set up a very basic POP3 e-mail server in Windows Server 2003 without all the extra features that come with Exchange.

I’ll update the list as I found new url, If you have one and wanna share with us please use comment section.

Last update : 17 December 2007

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Learning On Demand

Category Archives: Unix

Unix/Linux for Beginner, list of resources

Redirect Port in pf.conf

Objective :

Preparation :

No ALTQ support in kernel

Maia-mailguard, user powered mail spam blocker

/dev/null: No such file or directory

Trying freebsd-update for upgrade FreeBSD 7.0 Beta4 to FreeBSD 7.0-RC1

FreeBSD 6.3 RC2 is out, happy new year

FreeBSD 7.0 release candidate 1 available

/usr/local/etc/rc.d in FreeBSD

NetBSD 4.0 released, grab it while its Hot

Build email server Tutorials, choose one for You

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